Informatics Publishing Limited

Parimal M. Prajapati ¹, Yatri Shah ¹, D. J. Sen ¹, C. N. Patel ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth. Metallacarboranes derived from the transition metals represent a large family of aromatic borane derivatives which, when equipped with a radiometal, are potentially useful in radioimaging and radiotherapy of tumors. The radiometallacarborane may be localized in tumor by a tumor cell-selective antibody molecule to which it is attached or by other means (biomolecule, liposome). A particular advantage of radiometallacarboranes in these applications is their extraordinarily great kinetic stability and invisibility to enzyme systems which normally degrade organic radiometal carriers (chelates) with release of the radiometal in an unwanted way.

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Yatri R. Shah ¹, Parimal M. Prajapati ², Ravi N. Patel ³, Urvi Y. Patel ³, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ³

Affiliations
1 Shukla Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Gujarat Technological University, Behind Marketing Yard, Nr. Lalpari Lake, Amargadh (Bhichari), Rajkot, Gujarat, IN
2 I. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Samarth Campus, Opp. Sabar Dairy, Himmatnagar-383001, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Caco-2 cells are most commonly used not as individual cells, but as a confluent monolayer on a cell culture insert filter (e.g., Transwell). When cultured in this format, the cells differentiate to form a polarized epithelial cell monolayer that provides a physical and biochemical barrier to the passage of ions and small molecules. The Caco-2 monolayer is widely used across the pharmaceutical industry as an in-vitro model of the human small intestinal mucosa to predict the absorption of orally administered drugs. The correlation between the in vitro apparent permeability (P¬app) across Caco-2 monolayers and the in-vivo fraction absorbed (fa) is well established.

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Parimal M. Prajapati ¹, Tanmay Shah ², Nidhi Shah ², Vishal Parmar ², Anil Solanki ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Samarth Campus Opp. Sabar Dairy, Himatnagar, Dist S.K. Gujarat, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Samarth Campus, Opp. Sabar Dairy, Himatnagar, Dist: S.K. Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Green Chemistry includes such concepts as waste minimization, solvent selection, atom utilization, intensive processing and alternative synthetic routes from sustainable resources. The challenge for chemists is to develop products, processes and services in a sustainable manner to improve quality of life, the natural environment and industry competitiveness. Green Chemistry issues are here to stay. The most successful chemical companies of the future will be those who exploit its opportunities to their competitive advantage, and the most successful chemists of the future will be those who use Green Chemistry concepts in R and D innovation and education. As a chemical philosophy, green chemistry derives from organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and even physical chemistry. However, the philosophy of green chemistry tends to focus on industrial applications. The focus is on minimizing the hazard and maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is distinct from environmental chemistry which focuses on chemical phenomena in the environment. Use of supercritical carbon dioxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis.

Keywords

Green Chemistry, Green Solvent.

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Parimal M. Prajapati ¹, Yatri R. Shah ², Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ³

Affiliations
1 I. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Samarth Campus, Opp. Sabar Dairy, Himmatnagar-383001, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, IN
2 Shree H. N. Shukla Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Behind Marketing Yard, Nr. Lalpari Lake, Amargadh (Bhichari), Rajkot, Gujarat, IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Autonet, that represents a self training neural network. Results from the neural network are presented visually in order to rapid and easy convey to the medicinal chemist the important features derived by the neural network. The Autonet approach addresses this through the visual display of the hidden unit weights and thus rapidly conveys useful and informative results to the user. QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) studies rely heavily upon statistics to derive mathematical models which relate the biological activity of a series of compounds to one or more properties of the molecules. The application of neural networks as a substitute for discriminant analysis. Neural networks in QSAR in a manner similar to multiple regression analysis. Comparative study of neural networks and regression analysis using a set of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Their results indicated neural networks were superior to regression analysis in providing accurate predictions.

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Parimal M. Prajapati ¹, Yatri Shah ¹, D. J. Sen ¹, C. N. Patel ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Combinatorial chemistry is a technology for creating a multitude of different compounds by reacting different combinations of interchangeable chemical "building blocks." The compounds are then screened for their ability to carry out a specified function, most commonly to act as drugs to treat a disease. Combinatorial chemistry allows the rapid synthesis and testing of many related compounds, greatly speeding the pace of drug discovery. Combinatorial chemistry is a method for reacting a small number of chemicals to produce simultaneously a very large number of compounds, called libraries, which are screened to identify useful products such as drug candidates. combinatorial chemistry can be explained simply, its application can take a variety of forms, each requiring a complex interplay of classical organic synthesis techniques, rational drug design strategies, robotics, and scientific information management. Combinatorial technologies offer significant advances over traditional scientific research methodologies. In particular, their high-speed approach promises faster results at considerably lower costs than conventional techniques. combinatorial chemistry libraries requires an application that understands the science behind combinatorial chemistry while managing the chemical and biological data generated by combinatorial chemistry programs.

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